М.: Мир энциклопедий Аванта+, 2012 — 463 с.: ил. — ISBN: 978-5-98986-711-0; ISBN: 978-5-98986-015-9. Глав. ред. М. Аксёнова; зав. ред. О. Вавилов; отв. ред. И Меркина, И. Упадышева. Этот том «Энциклопедии для детей» посвящён политике и рассказывает о важнейших понятиях этой сферы в историческом развитии и современном состоянии: государство и гражданское общество, политика и...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Reapproved edition, 2014.- 26 p. This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process. This document (1) provides guidance for selection of...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2017.- 15 p. This guide covers the context of groundwater monitoring at waste disposal facilities. Regulations have required statistical methods as the basis for investigating potential environmental impact due to waste disposal facility operation. Owner/operators must typically perform a statistical analysis on a quarterly or...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2017.- 3 p. This practice addresses sampling of Organic compounds (i.e., PCBs, dioxins, many Pesticides and similar compounds) from smooth nonporous surfaces using a solvent-wetted wipe sampling method. Samples are collected in a manner that permits the solvent extraction of the Organic compound(s) of interest from the wipes and...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2016.- 6 p. This test method describes a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure to separate 99Tc from environmental water (non-process-related or effluent water samples). Technetium-99 beta activity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry. This test method is designed to measure 99Tc in the range of approximately 0.037 Bq/L...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2014.- 25 p. This practice covers consensus criteria for the calibration and quality control of nuclear instruments. This practice is provided for establishing appropriate quality control parameters at instrument startup, calibration of nuclear counting instruments and the continuing monitoring of quality control parameters....
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2017.- 13 p. This test method covers the measurement of gross alpha- and beta- activity concentrations in a homogeneous water sample. It is applicable to alpha emitters with activity concentration levels above 0.11 Bq/L and beta emitters with activity concentration levels above 0.15 Bq/L. This test method is not applicable to samples...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2014.- 8 p. The objective of this guide is to provide useful information for the interpretation of radiological instrument responses in the event of a radiological incident or emergency. For the purposes of this guide, a radiological incident or emergency is defined as those events that follow the indication of the presence of...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2014.- 4 p. This guide provides a rapid procedure by which vegetation samples may be screened for surface contamination of radioactive strontium (89Sr and 90Sr, collectively referred to as radiostrontium) following an airborne radioactive dispersal event. It provides a conservative estimate of radiostrontium deposition that can be...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Reapproved edition, 2015.- 8 p. This test method covers the determination of radioactive 210Pb in environmental water samples (for example, drinking, non-process and effluent waters) in the range of 37 mBq/L or greater. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2012.- 7 p. This practice covers the quantification of radionuclides in environmental media (e.g., water, soil, vegetation, food) by means of simple preparation and counting with a high-resolution gamma ray detector. Because the practice is designed for rapid analysis, extensive efforts to ensure homogeneity or ideal sample counting...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2016.- 4 p. The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the shipment, or the...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2017.- 12 p. This terminology generally covers terms that apply to radiation measurements and dosimetry associated with energy deposition and radiation effects, or damage, in materials caused by interactions by high-energy radiation fields. The common radiation fields considered are X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, alpha particles,...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2014.- 9 p. The purpose of this practice is to present concepts necessary to the understanding of the terms “precision” and “bias” as used in quantitative test methods. This practice also describes methods of expressing precision and bias and, in a final section, gives examples of how statements on precision and bias may be written...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2016.- 11 p. This practice covers outlying observations in samples and how to test the statistical significance of them. An outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs. In this connection, the following two alternatives are of interest: (i) an outlying...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2017.- 21 p. These methods cover general procedures for the calibration of radiation detectors and the analysis of radionuclides. For each individual radionuclide, one or more of these methods may apply. These methods are concerned only with specific radionuclide measurements. The chemical and physical properties of the radionuclides...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Reapproved edition, 2017.- 10 p. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added...
American Society for Testing and Materials. 2010.- 6 p. This guide applies to decommissioning plans for any nuclear facility whose operation was (is) governed by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or Agreement State license, or under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) orders. The guide applies to the preparation and content of the decommissioning plan document itself. The...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2008.- 28 p. This standard provides recommendations on the selection and use of portable instrumentation that is responsive to levels of radiation that are close to natural background. These instruments are employed to detect the presence of residual radioactivity that is at, or below, the criteria for release from further regulatory...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2014.- 24 p. This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, auditors, consultants and the public, intended to measure compliance with environmental performance standards against established benchmarks. It focuses on compliance with air, water, waste prevention, waste management,...
American Society for Testing and Materials - 2010.- 16 p. This test method covers the transmission-corrected nondestructive assay (NDA) of gamma-ray emitting special nuclear materials (SNMs), most commonly 235U, 239Pu, and 241Am, in low-density scrap or waste, packaged in cylindrical containers. The method can also be applied to NDA of other gamma-emitting nuclides including...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Reapproved edition, 2005.- 9 p. This guide briefly describes the state-of-the-art of radiation monitors for detecting special nuclear material (SNM) in order to establish the context in which to write performance standards for the monitors. This guide extracts information from technical documentation to provide information for...
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2017.- 3 p. This practice covers the preparation of surface soil samples collected for analysis of radionuclide constituents, particularly uranium and plutonium. This practice describes one acceptable approach to the preparation of soil samples for radiochemical analysis. Referenced Documents ASTM Standards: C859 Terminology Relating...
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2017.- 4 p. This practice covers the sampling of surface soil for the purpose of obtaining a sample representative of a particular area for subsequent Chemical analysis of selected radionuclides. This practice describes one acceptable approach to collect soil samples for radiochemical analysis. Referenced Documents ASTM Standards:...
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2013.- 5 p. This terminology standard contains terms, definitions, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acro-nyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. This terminology may also be applicable to documents not under the jurisdiction of...
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004.- 24 p. These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade boron carbide powder and pellets to determine compliance with specifications. Referenced Documents ASTM Standards: C750 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Boron Carbide Powder C751 Specification for...
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004.- 36 p. These test methods cover procedures for subsampling and for chemical, mass spectrometric, spectrochemical, nuclear, and radiochemical analysis of uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Most of these test methods are in routine use to determine conformance to UF6 specifications in the Enrichment and Conversion Facilities. Referenced...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Reapproved edition - 2005.- 16 p. These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade uranium dioxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications. Referenced Documents ASTM Standards: C753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium Dioxide...
International Organization for Standardization – 2013.- 35 p. ISO 16117:2013 provides a methodology to estimate a reasonably maximal value of the number of fissions of a postulated criticality accident. The fission number estimate, associated with its postulated criticality accident, impacts the accident emergency planning and response because it is used for the estimation of...
International Organization for Standardization – 2011.- 15 p. ISO 11320:2011 provides criteria for emergency preparedness and response to minimize consequences due to a nuclear criticality accident. The criticality safety of operations are evaluated in accordance with ISO 1709. ISO 11320:2011 applies to a site with one or more facilities which might contain significant quantities...
International Organization for Standardization – 2011.- 20 p. ISO 11311:2011 specifies common reference critical values (of which the effective neutron multiplication factor, keff, is equal to 1) for homogeneous water-moderated plutonium-uranium oxide mixtures based on an inter-code comparison of calculated critical values. It is applicable to operations with unirradiated mixed...
International Organization for Standardization – 2009.- 20 p. This part of ISO 18589 provides a method that allows an estimation of gross radioactivity of alpha- and beta- emitters present in soil samples. It applies, essentially, to systematic inspections based on comparative measurements or to preliminary site studies to guide the testing staff both in the choice of soil samples...
International Organization for Standardization – 2009.- 38 p. This part of ISO 18589 describes the principles for the measurement of the activity of 90Sr in equilibrium with 90Y, and 89Sr, pure beta-emitting radionuclides, in soil samples. Different chemical separation methods are presented to produce strontium and yttrium sources, the activity of which is determined using...
International Organization for Standardization – 2009.- 30 p. This part of ISO 18589 describes a method for measuring plutonium 238 and 239 + 240 isotopes in soil by alpha spectrometry samples using chemical separation techniques. The method can be used for any type of environmental study or monitoring. These techniques can also be used for measurements of very low levels of...
International Organization for Standardization – 2005.- 20 p. ISO 18589-1:2005 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment - Soil - Part 1: General guidelines and definitions This part of ISO 18589 specifies the general requirements to carry out radionuclides tests on soil sample, including sampling. This part of ISO 18589 is addressed to people responsible for determining...
International Organization for Standardization – 2016.- 20 p. ISO 13165-3:2016 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by coprecipitation followed by gamma-spectrometry (see ISO 18589 3). The method described is suitable for determination of soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq/L using a sample volume of...
International Organization for Standardization – 2013.- 20 p. ISO 13165-1:2013 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in non-saline water samples by extraction of its daughter radon-222 (222Rn) and its measurement using liquid scintillation counting. Radium-226 activity concentrations which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently...
International Organization for Standardization – 2013.- 24 p. ISO 13163 specifies the determination of lead-210 (210Pb) activity concentration in samples of all types of water using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). For raw and drinking water, the sample should be degassed in order to minimize the ingrowth of 210Pb from radon-222 (222Rn). Using currently available liquid...
International Organization for Standardization – 2013.- 19 p. ISO 13164-4:2015 describes a test method for the determination of radon-222 (222Rn) activity concentration in non-saline waters by extraction and liquid scintillation counting. The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available instruments, are at least above...
International Organization for Standardization – 2011.- 21 p. ISO 13161:2011 specifies the measurement of 210Po activity concentration by alpha spectrometry in all kinds of natural waters. The detection limit of this method depends on the volume of the sample, the counting time, the background count rate and the detection efficiency. In the case of drinking water, the analysis is...
International Organization for Standardization – 2012.- 43 p. ISO 13160:2012 specifies the test methods and their associated principles for the measurement of the activity of 90Sr in equilibrium with 90Y, and 89Sr, pure beta-emitting radionuclides, in water samples. Different chemical separation methods are presented to produce strontium and yttrium sources, the activity of which...
International Organization for Standardization – 2016.- 20 p. ISO 8769:2016 specifies the characteristics of reference sources of radioactive surface contamination, traceable to national measurement standards, for the calibration of surface contamination monitors. This International Standard relates to alpha-emitters, beta-emitters, and photon emitters of maximum photon energy not...
International Organization for Standardization – 2000.- 37 p. This part of ISO 8529 takes as its starting point the neutron sources described in ISO 8529-1. It specifies the procedures to be used for realizing the calibration conditions of radiation protection devices in neutron fields produced by these calibration sources, with particular emphasis on the corrections for...
International Organization for Standardization – 2006.- 29 p. ISO 6980-3:2006 describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and doserate meters in terms of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) operational quantities, that is, the directional dose equivalent and the personal dose equivalent, for radiation...
International Organization for Standardization – 2006.- 18 p. ISO 6980-1:2006 specifies the requirements for reference beta radiation fields produced by radionuclide sources to be used for the calibration of personal and area dosimeters and dose-rate meters to be used for the determination of the quantities Hp(0,07) and H'(0,07), and for the determination of their response as a...
International Organization for Standardization – 2004.- 41 p. ISO 6980-2:2004 specifies methods for the measurement of the directional absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom in the ISO 6980 reference beta-particle radiation fields. The energy range of the beta-particle-emitting isotopes covered by these reference radiations is 0,066 to 3,54 MeV (maximum energy)....
International Organization for Standardization – 2012, 2015.- 41 p. ISO 29661:2012 defines terms and fundamental concepts for the calibration of dosemeters and equipment used for the radiation protection dosimetry of external radiation -- in particular, for beta, neutron and photon radiation. It defines the measurement quantities for radiation protection dosemeters and doserate...
International Organization for Standardization – 2010.- 52 p. ISO 28218:2010 provides criteria for quality assurance and control, and evaluation of performance of radiobioassay service laboratories. Criteria and guidance for in vivo radiobioassay and in vitro radiobioassay are given in separate clauses. The following are within the scope of ISO 28218:2010: • the accuracy of -...
International Organization for Standardization – 2011.- 206 p. ISO 27048:2011 specifies the minimum requirements for the evaluation of data from the monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to the risk of internal contamination by radioactive substances. It presents procedures and assumptions for the standardised interpretation of monitoring data, in order to achieve...
International Organization for Standardization – 2004.- 42 p. ISO 22188:2004 specifies methods and means of monitoring for inadvertent movement and illicit trafficking of radioactive material. It provides guidelines on the use of both stationary and portable (e.g. hand-held) instruments to monitor for radiation signatures from radioactive material. Emphasis is placed on the...