Gluyas J., Swarbrick R. Petroleum geoscience

Blackwell Publishing, 2004. — 349 p.The aim of this book is to introduce petroleum geoscience to geologists, be they senior undergraduates or postgraduates, and to nongeologists (petrophysicists, reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers, drilling engineers, and environmental scientists) working in the petroleum industry. We define petroleum geoscience as the disciplines of geology and geophysics applied to understanding the origin and distribution and properties of petroleum and petroleum-bearing rocks.
The book will deliver the fundamentals of petroleum geoscience and allow the reader to put such information into practice.The Aim and Format of the Book
Background
What Is in This Book
What Is Not in This Book
Key Terms and Concepts
Petroleum
The Source
The Seal
The Trap
The Reservoir
The Timing of Petroleum Migration
Porous Rock and Porosity
Permeable Rock and Permeability
Relative Permeability
Net to Gross and Net Pay
Water Saturation
The Formation Volume Factor
The Gas to Oil Ratio
The Gas Expansion Factor
Timescales
The Units Used in This Book
The Chemistry of Petroleum
Alkanes (Paraffins)
Naphthenes (Cycloalkenes)
Aromatics
Asphaltenes
Geoscience and the Value Chain
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Reserves Additions and Reserves Growth
Field Abandonment and Reactivation
Geoscience Activity
Oil, Gas, and Geoscientists – a Global Resource!
Further Reading
ToolsSatellite Images and Other Remote Sensing DataSatellite Images
Gravimetric Data
Magnetic Data
Seismic DataThe Seismic Method
Seismic Acquisition
Seismic Processing
Seismic Interpretation
Wireline Log DataRock Tools
Porosity and Permeability Tools
Fluid Tools
Pressure Tool
Core and CuttingsConventional Core Analysis (Porosity and Permeability)
Core Logging
Petrography
Geochemistry
Biostratigraphy
Fluid Samples from WellsThe Sampling of Fluids
Petroleum
Water
Outcrop DataMaps
Reservoir Analogs
Rock Sampling and Analysis
Seepage of Petroleum
Further Reading
Frontier ExplorationAcquisition of Acreage
Early Access to Acreage
The Licensing Process
License Areas
Farm-ins, Farm-outs, and Other Deals
Direct Petroleum IndicatorsPetroleum Leakage and Seepage
The Identification of Petroleum on Seismic Data
Basin TypesExtensional Basins, Generated by Divergent Plate Motion
Basins Generated during Convergent Plate Motion
Strike-slip Basins
Basin HistoriesSubsidence
Sediment Supply
Burial History
Thermal History
Uplift
Pressure History
Integrated Basin Modeling
StratigraphyChronostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy
Seismic Stratigraphy
Sequence Stratigraphy
Chemostratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy
Stratigraphic Tests Source RockThe Origin of Petroleum from Living Organisms
Kerogen
Maturation of Source Rocks: Kerogen to Oil to Gas
Case History: Edale No. 1 Well, Onshore UKThe Geologic Background
Petroleum Geology
Well Evaluation: 1938
Well Evaluation: 1990
The English East Midlands Petroleum Province
Case History: the Pearl River Mouth Basin, Offshore ChinaThe Regional Geology and Basin Analysis
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Exploration History: 1983-5
Exploration Success: 1985-7
Case History: Offshore Falkland IslandsThe Database
The Regional Geology and Basin Analysis
Petroleum Geology
The Results of Exploration
Farther Reading
Exploration and ExploitationThe SealThe Membrane Seal
The Hydraulic Seal
Faults
Trap Fill
The Pressure Seal
The ReservoirIntrinsic Properties
Reservoir Lithologies
The Reservoir: Sandstone Depositional Systems
The Reservoir: Limestone and Dolomite
Fractured Reservoirs
MigrationPrimary Migration
Secondary Migration
Tertiary Migration
The TrapMigration and Trap Formation
Structural Traps
Stratigraphic Traps
Hydrodynamic Traps
Play and Play Fairway
Play
Play Fairway
Lead and ProspectLead, Prospect, and Prospect Evaluation
The Prospect Inventory
Well Prognosis
Failure Analysis
Yet to FindAreal Richness and Prospect Summation
Pool Size Distribution
Creaming Curves and Destruction of Value
Risk and UncertaintyRisk
Uncertainty
Case History: North Slope, AlaskaReservoir Distribution and Quality
The Petroleum Charge System
The Distribution of the Top Seal
Drilling Statistics and Common Risk Segments
Conclusions
Case History: Viboral, Eastern VenezuelaThe Problem
The Solution
Conclusions
Postscript
Case History: San Joaquin, California, USAThe Basin Geometry and Megasequence Development
The Database
The Steven’s Sandstone Stratigraphic Play
The Outcome of Exploration
Further Reading
AppraisalThe Trap Envelope
Depth Conversion
Mapping Surfaces and Faults
Spill Points
Fluid Distribution and Contacts
Fluid Contacts and Transition Zones
Intra-field Variations in Petroleum Composition
Intra-field Variations in Water Composition
Field SegmentationBarriers to Lateral Flow
Barriers to Vertical Flow
Identification of Flow Barriers
Reservoir Property DistributionLithofacies and Lithotypes
Reservoir Body Geometry
Reservoir Correlation
Reservoir QualityMore Intrinsic Reservoir Properties
Controls on Reservoir Quality
Compaction and Cementation in Sandstones
Compaction and Cementation in Limestones
Reservoir Description from Seismic DataLithology Description
Porosity Determination
Lateral Variations and Reservoir Heterogeneity
Reservoir Correlation
Identification of Fluid Type and Contacts
Petroleum in Place, Reservoir Models, and ReservesPetroleum in Place
Geologic Models
Reservoir Models
Reserves
Case History: Alness Spiculite, UK Continental ShelfThe Database and Work Program
The Geologic Setting
Spiculite Petrography and Reservoir Quality
Oil in Place
Conclusions
Case History: the Fyne and Dandy Fields, UK Continental ShelfThe License Background
Appraisal Phase: 1997-8
Conclusions
Case History: the Iranian OilfieldThe Database
The Regional Geology
The Geology of the Sarvestan and Saadat Abad Fields
Field Studies: Sarvestan Fault Zone
Field Studies: the Folds
Fractures
Core Examination
Discussion: Oil in Place and Productivity
Conclusions
Further Reading
Development and ProductionWell Planning and
Facilities Location and Well Numbers
Well Geometries
Well Types
Drilling Hazards
Well Completion and Stimulation
Formation Damage
Well Logging and Testing
Reservoir Management
Reservoir Description from Production Data
Reservoir Visualization
Time-lapse Seismic
Managing Decline and Abandonment
Reserves Revisions, Additions, and Field ReactivationReserves Revisions
Reserves Additions
Field Rehabilitation and Reactivation
Case History: Wytch Farm Field, UK OnshoreOffshore Development: the Environmental Issue
Geologic Constraints on Stage III Development
Hitting the Target
Delivering the Productivity
Conclusions
Case History: Amethyst Field, UK Continental ShelfThe Geologic Background
Cement Mineralogy and Timing of Diagenesis
The Source of the Cements
The Distribution of the Cements
Conclusions
Case History: the Fahud Field, OmanThe Long Search for Fahud
An Initial Description of the Structure and Reservoir Architecture
The History of Field Development
Conclusions
Case History: the Heather Field, UK Continental ShelfThe Geologic Background
Arresting Production Decline
Conclusions
Case History: the Crawford Field, UK Continental ShelfThe Field History
Oil in Place and Reserves
Can the Crawford Field Be Reactivated
Case History: the Trinidadian OilfieldsRemaining Oil Potential: Southern Trinidad
Rehabilitation: Palo Seco Field, Trinidad
The History of the Palo Seco Field
Palo Seco Geology
Palo Seco Production Characteristics
Opportunities for Improved Recovery and Production Rate
A Redevelopment Plan for the Palo Seco Field
Commercial Evaluation
Conclusions
Further Reading