Middelburg J.J. Thermodynamics and Equilibria in Earth System Sciences: An Introduction

Springer, 2024. — 93 p.Preface
Thermodynamics
Introduction
Macroscopic Approach, Yet Everything is Made of Atoms
Ideal Gas Law
System, Surrounding and Equations of State
The First Law: Work, Heat and Thermochemistry
Work
Heat
The First Law
Thermochemistry: Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy Changes During Phase Changes
Turning Ice into Steam: Latent and Sensible Heat
Adiabatic Changes, Lapse Rate, Geothermal Gradient and Potential Temperature
Entropy and the Second Law
The Second Law
Microscopic View of Entropy and the Third Law
Macroscopic View of Entropy
Entropy Changes During Reactions
The Gibbs Free Energy
How Gibbs Free Energy Depends on Conditions
Phase Equilibria
Phase Diagrams
Equilibria: Solutions, Minerals, Acid-Base and Redox Reactions
Introduction to Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant and Its Relation to the Gibbs Free Energy
Heterogenous Equilibria, Including Mineral Solubility
Acid-Base Equilibria
Introduction
Carbon Dioxide Equilibria
Solving Carbon Dioxide Equilibria
Redox Equilibria
Introduction
Identifying Electron Transfer and Balancing Redox Reactions
Redox Potentials and the Nernst Equation
Literature and Further Reading
Index