Anderson Stephen R. Phonology in the Twentieth Century

2-nd ed., revised and expanded. — Berlin: Language Science Press, 2021. — x, 530 p. — (History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences 5; ISSN 2629-172X). — ISBN 978-3-96110-327-0.The original edition of this work attempted to cover the main lines of development of phonological theory from the end of the 19th century through the early 1980s. Much work of importance, both theoretical and historiographic, has appeared in subsequent years, and the present edition tries to bring the story up to the end of the 20th century, as the title promised. This has involved an overall editing of the text, in the process correcting some errors of fact and interpretation, as well as the addition of some new material and a number of new references.Preface to the second edition.
Preface to the first edition.

Ferdinand de Saussure.
Saussure’s life and career.
The Saussurean view of language, languages, and linguistics.
The linguistic sign.
The relation of languages to their history.
Saussure’s View of sound structure.
Sounds, sound images, and their study.
‘Phonèmes’ and ‘phonetic species’.
The linguistic representation of signifiants.
Some approaches to the study of phonological differences.
Saussure’s description of alternations.
Saussure and the phonological tradition.
The Kazan School: De Courtenay.
Biographical remarks.
The study of sound systems in the Kazan school.
The nature of phonological structure.
Kruszewski’s theory of alternations.
Baudouin’s development of the theory of alternations.
The later history of ‘Kazan phonology’.
From the Moscow Circle to the Prague School and Trubetzkoy’s Grundzüge.
The background of the Prague Circle and the life of Trubetzkoy.
Units in phonological analysis.
The structure of phonological systems.
Suprasegmental properties.
Neutralization, archiphonemes, and markedness.
Morpho(pho)nology.
Roman Jakobson and the theory of distinctive features.
Origins of the distinctive feature theory.
Developing the theory of distinctive features.
The adequacy of Jakobson’s distinctive features.
Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze.
Information theory and Jakobson’s legacy.
Structural linguistics in Copenhagen: Louis Hjelmslev and his circle.
Hjelmslev’s life and career.
Hjelmslev’s notion of an ‘immanent’ Linguistics.
Basic terms of glossematic analysis.
Hjelmslev’s approach to the description of sound structure.
The role of simplicity in a glossematic description.
Nonsegmental structure in glossematic phonology.
Eli Fischer-Jørgensen.
André Martinet and Functional Phonology.
Martinet’s life and career.
Phonology as functional phonetics.
Functional factors in phonological change.
British linguistics and Firthian prosodic analysis.
Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and the British phonetic tradition.
J. R. Firth’s life.
The Firthian view of language and linguistics.
Systems and structures, sounds and prosodies.
Relations between prosodic and other approaches to phonology.
Franz Boas and the beginnings of American linguistics.
William Dwight Whitney.
Early work on American Indian languages.
Franz Boas.
Linguistic theory and Boas’s Handbook.
Boas’s views of phonology.
Representations and rules in Boas’s descriptions.
Abstractness in Boas’s phonological practice.
Edward Sapir.
Sapir’s life.
Sapir’s view of the nature of language.
Sapir’s conception of phonological structure.
Sapir’s descriptive practice in phonology.
Rules and their interactions in Sapir’s phonology.
The relation between rules and representations.
Appendix: Abstractness and Sapir’s analysis of Southern Paiute.
Leonard Bloomfield.
Bloomfield’s life and career.
Bloomfield’s view of language, linguistics, and psychology.
Bloomfield’s conception of the phoneme.
Representations in Bloomfield’s phonology.
The ‘abstractness’ of phonemic representations.
Morphophonemics and the description of alternations.
American structuralist phonology.
Some prominent American structuralists.
The American structuralist view of language.
Initial formulations of the notion of ‘phoneme’.
Twaddell’s “On Defining the Phoneme”.
Subsequent developments in structuralist phonemics.
American structuralist morphophonemics.
Rule interactions and the nature of descriptions.
Generative Phonology and its origins.
The decline and fall of American structuralism.
The emergence of generative phonology.
Morris Halle and the bases of generative phonology.
The antecedents of generative phonological theory.
The Sound Pattern of English and its Aftermath.
The nature of the SPE program.
The problem of phonetic content within the SPE theory.
How abstract are phonological representations?
Constraining representations: ‘Natural Generative Phonology’.
Constraining rules: Natural phonology.
Toward a new millennium.
A focus on representations.
Metrical Phonology and structure above the segment.
Autosegmental Phonology and structure within the segment.
The rise of Optimality Theory.
An alternative view: The Laboratory Phonology movement.References.
Sources of illustrations.
Index.
Name index.
Language index.
Subject index.