Fleet M. Carbonated Hydroxyapatite: Materials, Synthesis, and Applications

Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2015. – 272 p. – ISBN13: 978-981-4463-68-3.This book introduces recent advances in understanding the crystal structure of the inorganic component of bone, which is a carbonate-bearing calcium phosphate apatite known as “carbonate hydroxylapatite” or “bone mineral.” Nanoscale crystals of carbonate hydroxylapatite form the hard tissue of bones and teeth and numerous other calcified structures in the body. They are the reservoir for carbon dioxide in the body and have an important role in maintaining the concentration of mineral ions in the extracellular fluid at homeostasis, which is critical for a variety of physiological functions, including control of acidosis and blood pH. Information on the crystal structure of carbonate hydroxylapatite is an essential starting point for understanding the physiological functions of bone. Although the basic structure of hydroxylapatite has been known for more than 80 years, the location of the carbonate ions has remained obscure due to the nanoscale size and poor quality of bone mineral crystals. An entirely new approach to the determination of carbonate apatite structures has been developed over the last decade, and is described in this book. This research uses the single-crystal X-ray structure method in combination with infrared spectroscopy and crystals of carbonate hydroxylapatite synthesized from carbonate-rich calcium phosphate melts at high pressure and temperature. The book predicts an expanded role for the c-axis channel of bone mineral crystals in communicating with the extracellular fluid.Apatite-Type Structure
Crystal Chemistry and Geochemistry
Synthesis of Carbonate Apatites
X-Ray Structures
Chemical Spectroscopy
Carbonate Apatite Crystal Chemistry
Biological Apatites