Gill R. Chemical Fundamentals of Geology and Environmental Geoscience

Third Edition. — John Wiley & Sons, 2015. — 288 p. — ISBN: 0470656654.chemical principles are fundamental to the Earth sciences, and geoscience students increasingly require a firm grasp of basic chemistry to succeed in their studies.
The enlarged third edition of this highly regarded textbook introduces the student to such 'geo-relevant' chemistry, presented in the same lucid and accessible style as earlier editions, but the new edition has been strengthened in its coverage of environmental geoscience and incorporates a new chapter introducing isotope geochemistry.Energy in geochemical processesEnergy in mechanical systems
Energy in chemical and mineral systems: free energy
Stable, unstable and metastable minerals
Further reading
Equilibrium in geological systems
the significance of mineral stability
Systems, phases and components
Equilibrium
Phase diagrams in P–T space
Phase diagrams in T–X space
Ternary phase diagrams
Review
Further reading
Sources of thermodynamic data for minerals
Exercises
Kinetics of earth processes
defining the rate of a reaction
Temperature-dependence of reaction rate
Diffusion
Melt viscosity
Persistence of metastable minerals: closure temperature
Review
Further reading
Exercises
Aqueous solutions and the hydrosphere
ways of expressing the concentrations of major constituents
Equilibrium constant
Non-ideal solutions: activity coefficient
Natural waters
Oxidation and reduction: Eh-pH diagrams
Further reading
Exercises
Electrons in atoms
why does a geologist need to understand atoms?
The atom
Stationary waves
Electron waves in atoms
The shapes of electron orbitals
Electron energy levels
Review
Further reading
Exercises 98
What we can learn from the periodic table
ionization energy
The Periodic Table
Electronegativity
Valency
Atomic spectra
Review
Further reading
Exercises
Chemical bonding and the properties of minerals
the ionic model of bonding
The covalent model of bonding
Bonding in minerals
Other types of atomic and molecular interaction
Review
Further reading
Exercises
Silicate crystals and melts
silicate polymers
Cation sites in silicates
Optical properties of crystals
Defects in crystals
Further reading
Exercises
Some geologically important elements
major and trace elements
Alkali metals
Hydrogen
Alkaline earth metals
Aluminium
Carbon
Silicon
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Oxygen
Sulfur
Fluorine
Noble gases
Transition metals
Rare earth elements
Actinides
Further reading
Exercise
What can we learn from isotopes?
Isotope systems
Radiogenic isotope systems
Stable isotope systems
Cosmogenic radioisotope systems
Review
Further reading
Exercises
The elements in the universe
the significance of element abundance
Measuring cosmic and Solar System abundances
The composite abundance curve
Cosmic element production
Elements in the Solar System
Chemical evolution of the Earth
Review
Further reading
Exercises
Answers to exercises