Cricenti A. (ed.). Proceedings of the 43rd Course of the International School of Solid State Physics Epioptics-10

Erice, Italy 19 — 26 July 2008. — World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2010. — XII, 260 p. — (The Science and Culture Series — Physics) — ISBN13: 978-981-4322-15-7; ISBN10: 981-4322-15-6.Scope
Why non-equilibrium thermodynamics?
Simple flux equations
Flux equations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
The lost work of an industrial plant
The second law efficiency
Consistent thermodynamic models
The entropy production of one-dimensional transport processes
Balance equations
Entropy production
Examples
The frame of reference for fluxes
Flux equations and transport coefficients
Linear flux-force relations
Transport of heat and mass
Transport of heat and charge
Transport of mass and charge
The mobility model
Transport of volume and charge
Concluding remarks
Non-isothermal multi-component diffusion
Isothermal diffusion
Prigogine’s theorem applied
Diffusion in the solvent frame of reference
Maxwell-Stefan equations
Changing a frame of reference
Maxwell-Stefan equations generalized
Concluding remarks
Systems with shear flow
Balance equations
Component balances
Momentum balance
Internal energy balance
Entropy production
Stationary pipe flow
The measurable heat flux
The plug flow reactor
Concluding remarks
Chemical reactions
The Gibbs energy change of a chemical reaction
The reaction path
The chemical potential
The entropy production
A rate equation with a thermodynamic basis
The law of mass action
The entropy production on the mesoscopic scale
Concluding remarks
The lost work in the aluminum electrolysis
The aluminum electrolysis cell
The thermodynamic efficiency
A simplified cell model
Lost work due to charge transfer
The bulk electrolyte
The diffusion layer at the cathode
The electrode surfaces
The bulk anode and cathode
Lost work by excess carbon consumption
Lost work due to heat transport through the walls
Conduction across the walls
Surface radiation and convection
A map of the lost work
Concluding remarks
The state of minimum entropy production and optimal control theory
Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas
Expansion work
The entropy production
The optimization idea
Optimal control theory
Heat exchange
The entropy production
The work production by a heat exchanger
Optimal control theory and heat exchange
Concluding remarks
The state of minimum entropy production in selected process units
The plug flow reactor
The entropy production
Optimal control theory and plug flow reactors
A highway in state space
Reactor design
Distillation columns
The entropy production
Column design
Concluding remarksAppendix
Balance equations for mass, charge, momentum and energy
Mass balance
Momentum balance
Total energy balance
Kinetic energy balance
Potential energy balance
Balance of the electric field energy
Internal energy balance
Entropy balance
Partial molar thermodynamic properties
The chemical potential and its reference states
The equation of state as a basis
The excess Gibbs energy as a basis
Henry’s law as a basis
Driving forces and equilibrium constants
The ideal gas reference state
The pure liquid reference stateList of SymbolsAbout the authors