Sloan E.D., Koh C.A. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases

3rd edition. — CRC Press: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. — 752 Pages. — ISBN: 978-0-8493-9078-4.This new edition of a bestseller offers updated information on the clathrate hydrate compounds discovered in the past decade, provides a balance between experimental and theoretical perspectives, and incorporates two software programs that can be downloaded from the CRC press website. It also presents case studies on low dosage hydrate inhibitor prevention and hydrate drilling in nature, phase equilibrium data and kinetic models, and descriptions of the paradigm change in flow assurance to risk management. Other new material discusses the paradigm transition from hydrate reservoir assessment to reservoir production and summarizes the in situ conditions for hydrates in the permafrost and oceans.With this modern account of clathrate hydrates, you will acquire a fresh perspective on both new and old theories and data, hopefully leading you to pursue exciting research directions and practical applications.Features:
Provides a historical perspective of natural gas clathrate hydrates existing from 1790 to 2006;
Illustrates the transition in flow assurance from thermodynamics to kinetics, which resulted from the study of more sophisticated, time-dependent phenomena;
Discusses the structural and physical properties of natural gas hydrates and compares these properties between different hydrate structures and ice;
Describes natural gas hydrate production, transportation, processing, and environmental concerns including methods for prevention and dissociation;
Includes the software programs CSMGEM, which supplies the most recent thermodynamic predictions, and CSMPLUG, which provides the time required for hydrate plug removal from a pipeline.Overview and historical perspective
Hydrates as a laboratory curiosity
Hydrates in the natural gas industry
Hydrates as an energy resource
Environmental aspects of hydrates
Safety aspects of hydrates
Relationship of this chapter to those that follow
Molecular structures and similarities to ice
Crystal structures of ice Ih and natural gas hydrates
Comparison of properties of hydrates and ice
The what and the how of hydrate structures
Hydrate formation and dissociation processes
Hydrate nucleation
Hydrate growth
Hydrate dissociation
Estimation techniques for phase equilibria of natural gas hydrates
Hydrate phase diagrams for water + hydrocarbon systems
Three-phase (L_W–H–V) equilibrium calculations
Quadruple points and equilibrium of three condensed phases (L_W–H–L_HC)
Effect of thermodynamic inhibitors on hydrate formation
Two-phase equilibrium: hydrates with one other phase
Hydrate enthalpy and hydration number from phase equilibrium
A statistical thermodynamic approach to hydrate phase equilibria
Statistical thermodynamics of hydrate equilibria
Application of the method to analyze systems of methane + ethane + propane
Computer simulation: another microscopic–macroscopic bridge
Experimental methods and measurements of hydrate properties
Experimental apparatuses and methods for macroscopic measurements
Measurements of the hydrate phase
Data for natural gas hydrate phase equilibria and thermal properties
Hydrates in the Earth
The paradigm is changing from assessment of amount to production of gas
Sediments with hydrates typically have low contents of biogenic methane
Sediment lithology and fluid flow are major controls on hydrate deposition
Remote methods enable an estimation of the extent of a hydrated reservoir
Drilling logs and/coring provide improved assessments of hydrated gas amounts
Hydrate reservoir models indicate key variables for methane production
Future hydrated gas production trends are from the permafrost to the ocean
Hydrates play a part in climate change and geohazards
Hydrates in production, processing, and transportation
How do hydrate plugs form in industrial equipment?
How are hydrate plug formations prevented?
How is a hydrate plug dissociated?
Safety and hydrate plug removal
Applications to gas transport and storage