El-Meliegy E., Van Noort R. Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications

Springer, LLC, 2012. — 244 p.
ISBN: 978-1-4614-1227-4
e-ISBN: 978-1-4614-1228-1The primary function of this book is to provide anybody with an interest in medical and dental glasses and glass ceramics with the wherewithal to start making their own glasses and glass-ceramics. Even if that is not their ambition then this book provides the reader with a greater understanding of the delicate interplay between the various factors that control the fi nal properties of medical and dental glasses and glass-ceramics.
This book is a valuable source of information for scientists, clinicians, engineers, ceramists, glazers, dental research students and dental technicians in the fi eld of glasses and glass ceramics, and appeals to various other related medical and industrial applications.Introduction to Medical CeramicsHistory, Market and Classification of Bioceramics
Bioceramics
Classifi cation of Bioceramics
Biopassive (Bioinert) and Bioactive Materials
Mechanisms of Bioactivity
Formation of a Silica-Rich Surface Layer
Direct Precipitation of Apatite
Protein Mediation
Biopassive Ceramics
Bioactive Ceramics
Resorbable Bioceramics
Currently Used Glasses and Glass Ceramics
Bioactive Glasses
Glass–Ceramics
Dental Ceramics
Selection Criteria of Ceramics for Medical Applications
Biocompatibility
Radioactivity
Esthetics
Refractive Index
Chemical Solubility
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Biaxial Flexural Strength
Fracture Toughness
Microhardness
Machinability
Thermal Behavior
Thermal Expansion
Differential Thermal Analysis
Grouping of Ions in Ceramic Solids
Ceramic Solids
The Structure of the Atom
Formation of Ions and Ionic Compounds
The Ionic Size
Coordination Number
Electronegativity
Bonding of Ions in Ceramic Solids
The Ionic Bond Strength
Prediction of the Ionic Packing Structure
Stability of the Coordination Structure
Solid Solutions
Model of Solid Solutions
The Feldspar Solid Solution Using Rules of Ions Grouping
The Basic Structural Units of Silicates
Neosilicates (Single Tetrahedra)
Sorosilicates (Double Tetrahedra)
Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates)
nosilicates (Chain Structure Silicates)
Phyllosilicates (Sheet Structure Silicates)
Tectosilicates (Framework Silicates)
Further ReadingManufacturing of Medical GlassesFormulation of Medical Glasses
Glass Chemical Compositions
The Glass Stoichiometry
Factors Affecting the Glass Stoichiometry
Industrial Factors Affecting Glass Stoichiometry
Replacement of Oxygen by Fluorine in Glass Chemical Compositions
Information Needed for Glass Calculations
Calculation of Glass Chemical Compositions
Glass Chemical Composition in wt% (Weight Composition)
Information Needed for Calculation
Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical
Composition in wt%
Glass Chemical Composition in mol% (The Molar Composition)
Definition of a Mole
Steps of Calculation of the Chemical Composition in mol%
Conversion of Molar Composition (mol%) to Weight Composition (wt%)
Conversion of Weight Composition (wt%) to Molar Composition (mol%)
Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition of K-Fluorrichterite
Information Needed for Calculation
Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in mol%
Conversion of Molar Composition to Weight Composition
Templates for Conversion of Glass of Molar Composition to Weight Composition
Glass Batch Calculations
Reaction and Decomposition of Raw Materials
Metal Carbonates
Metal Hydroxides
Borax and Boric Acid
Method of Calculation Glass Batch Compositions
Batch Calculation for Stoichiometric Canasite Glass
Batch Calculation for Stoichiometric Fluorrichterite Glass
Further Reading
Theoretical Estimation of Glass Properties
Importance of Estimation
Additives Law
Calculation of Glass Density
Factors for Calculating the Glass density
Calculation of Density Change with Compositional Variation
Calculation of the Refractive Index of a Glass
Defi nition of the Refractive Index
Calculation of the Refractive Indices for Glasses with Known Density
Estimation of the Coeffi cient of Thermal Expansion of a Glass
Defi nition of the Linear Coeffi cient of Thermal Expansion
Coating a Glass to a Metal Substrate
Estimation of the Thermal Expansion from Glass
Chemical Composition
Further Reading
Design and Raw Materials of Medical Glasses
Design of Glass Composition
Raw Materials for Glass
Feldspars Fluxing Agent
Silica (SiO₂)
Alumina (Al₂O₃)
Other Glass Raw Materials
Melting of Glass Batches
The Glass Structure and Conditions of Glass Formation
Glass Shaping into Block as Glass Ceramic Precursors
Transformation Range of Glass and Annealing of Glass BlocksManufacturing of Medical Glass CeramicsDesign of Medical Glass-Ceramics
Glass Ceramic Fabrication
Mechanisms of Nucleation and Crystallization
Bulk/Volume Nucleation
Surface Nucleation and Crystallization
Selection of Glass Compositions for Glass Ceramics Processing
Optimum Heat Treatment Conditions
Prediction of the Proper Glass Heat Treatment Schedule
Glasses Crystallizing via Bulk Volume Crystallization
Glass Crystallizing via Surface Crystallization Mechanism
Glasses Crystallizing by Both Mechanisms: Surface and Volume Crystallization
Interpretation of a Differential Thermal Analysis Curve
Interpretation of Thermal Expansion Curves
Signifi cant Points on the Thermal Expansion Curve
Dependency of the TEC on Heat Treatment
Physical Changes Due to Crystallization
The Impact of Environment on Choosing the Right Glass Ceramic
Chemical Solubility of Glass-Ceramics
The Chemical Solubility of Canasite
Further Reading
Microstructural Optimization of Glass Ceramics
Ceramic Microstructures
Crystalline Shapes, Forms, and Habits
Development of Glass Ceramic Microstructures
Adjustment of Microstructure
The b-Spodumene/Fluorophlogopite System
Leucite–Fluorophlogopite Glass Ceramics
Fluorcanasite Dental Glass Ceramics
Further Reading
Development of Colour and Fluorescence in Medical Glass Ceramics
Coloured Glasses
Coloured Glass Ceramics
Colourants Based on Spinel Structure
Fluorescing Oxide Additives
Uranium Oxides
Cerium and Terbium Oxides
Europium Compounds
The Colour Evaluation
Measurement of Colour
Quantitative Measurement of Translucency or Opacity
The Masking Ability of Veneering Ceramics
Metamerism
Fluorescing Glass Ceramics
Development of Colours and Florescence in UV Regions
Metamerism in Glass Ceramics: The Problem and Solution
OpalescenceModels of Dentally Used Glass CeramicsLeucite Glass-Ceramics
Industrial Importance of Synthetic Leucite
The K₂O-Al₂O₃–SiO₂ Phase Diagram and Related Systems
Chemical Compositions of Leucite Ceramics
The Surface Crystallization Mechanism of Leucite
Crystalline Structure of Leucite
Crystalline Leucite Phases
Tetragonal Leucite Glass-Ceramics
Cubic Leucite Glass-Ceramics
Pollucite Glass-Ceramics
Criteria for Choosing the Compositions of Ceramic Coatings
Design of Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal Substructures
How to Modify Thermal Expansion Coeffi cient of Ceramic Coating
Opacity Development in Veneering Glass-Ceramics
Microstructural Optimization of Low Fusion Leucite
Ceramics
Classifi cation of Leucite Dental Glass-Ceramics
Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal or Ceramic Substructures
Low Fusion Leucite Glass-Ceramics for Coating Gold Alloys
Yellow Coloration in the Leucite CeramicsMachinable Mica Dental Glass-Ceramics
Mica Glass-Ceramics
Industrial Importance of Synthetic Mica
History of Synthetic Mica
Crystalline Structure of Mica
Structure of Fluorophlogopite
Chemical Reactions of Mica and Mica Related Phase Diagrams
MgO-MgF₂-SiO₂ System
Chemical Compositions of Mica Glass-Ceramics
Development of Mica Glass-Ceramics Microstructures
The Crystallization of Tetrasilicic Mica
The Crystallization of Fluorophlogopite (Trisilicic Mica) Glass-Ceramics
Scientifi c and Technical Problems Encountered in Synthetic Mica Glass-Ceramics for Dental ApplicationsLithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics
Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics
Advantages of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics
Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics
Crystalline Phase Development
Mechanism of Crystallization
Chemical Composition of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics
The Properties of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics
Problems Encountered with Lithium Disilicate
Further ReadingBioactive Glass and Bioactive Glass CeramicsBioactive Glasses
Nature of Bioactive Glass
Chemical Composition of Bioactive Glasses
Properties of Bioactive Glasses
Bioactivity of Bioactive Glasses
Further Reading
Models of Bioactive Glass Ceramics
Apatite Glass Ceramics
Apatite–Wollastonite Glass-Ceramics
Apatite–Fluorophlogopite Glass-Ceramics
Apatite-Mullite Glass-Ceramics
Fluorocanasite Glass Ceramics
Potassium Fluorrichterite Glass-Ceramics